<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Geleceğin Nörobiyoloğu]]></title><description><![CDATA[şimdinin biyoloğu, geleceğin nörobiyoloğu]]></description><link>https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zwvc!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Ffhilalturkoz.substack.com%2Fimg%2Fsubstack.png</url><title>Geleceğin Nörobiyoloğu</title><link>https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:25:17 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Fatıma Hilal Türköz]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[tr]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[fhilalturkoz@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[fhilalturkoz@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Fatıma Hilal Türköz]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Fatıma Hilal Türköz]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[fhilalturkoz@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[fhilalturkoz@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Fatıma Hilal Türköz]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Nöronların bölünmemesi stratejik olarak doğru bir karar mı?]]></title><description><![CDATA[G0 evresinde bekleyen n&#246;ronlar &#252;zerine]]></description><link>https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/p/noronlarn-bolunmemesi-stratejik-olarak</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/p/noronlarn-bolunmemesi-stratejik-olarak</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Fatıma Hilal Türköz]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 16:17:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhEr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc031cbb7-f0f0-42c2-8269-210f27a33a91_3200x2410.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhEr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc031cbb7-f0f0-42c2-8269-210f27a33a91_3200x2410.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhEr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc031cbb7-f0f0-42c2-8269-210f27a33a91_3200x2410.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhEr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc031cbb7-f0f0-42c2-8269-210f27a33a91_3200x2410.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhEr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc031cbb7-f0f0-42c2-8269-210f27a33a91_3200x2410.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhEr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc031cbb7-f0f0-42c2-8269-210f27a33a91_3200x2410.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhEr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc031cbb7-f0f0-42c2-8269-210f27a33a91_3200x2410.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhEr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc031cbb7-f0f0-42c2-8269-210f27a33a91_3200x2410.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhEr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc031cbb7-f0f0-42c2-8269-210f27a33a91_3200x2410.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhEr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc031cbb7-f0f0-42c2-8269-210f27a33a91_3200x2410.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#169; Nikky Corthout &amp; Alex Calzoni &#8212; Fare serebral korteksi kesitinde retrograd etiketli n&#246;ronlar.  2023 Nikon Photomicrography Competition  - G&#246;r&#252;nt&#252; y&#305;&#287;&#305;nlama, floresans ve konfokalmikroskopi kombinasyonuyla elde edilmi&#351; (20&#215; b&#252;y&#252;tme)</figcaption></figure></div><p><em><strong><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">K&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir not:</mark></strong><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> Yaz&#305; boyunca kar&#351;&#305;n&#305;za &#231;&#305;kabilecek ve okurken yabanc&#305; gelebilecek baz&#305; kavramlar&#305;, en altta &#8220;Terimler S&#246;zl&#252;&#287;&#252;&#8221; ba&#351;l&#305;&#287;&#305; alt&#305;nda a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;m. B&#246;ylece okurken akl&#305;n&#305;za tak&#305;lan noktalar i&#231;in kolayca g&#246;z atabilirsiniz. &#350;imdiden keyifli okumalar dilerim! </mark></em></p><h2><mark data-color="#cfe2f3" style="background-color: rgb(207, 226, 243); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Bir N&#246;ronu S&#305;radan H&#252;creden Ay&#305;ran Nedir?</mark></h2><p>H&#252;cre teorisini illa ki bir yerlerden duymu&#351;sunuzdur. Hani &#351;u <strong>&#8220;</strong><em><strong>t&#252;m canl&#305;lar h&#252;crelerden olu&#351;ur&#8221;</strong></em>lu teori. &#304;&#351;te bu teorinin maddelerinden biri, yeni bir h&#252;cre var olan bir &#246;nceki h&#252;crenin b&#246;l&#252;nmesi sonucu olu&#351;tu&#287;u hakk&#305;ndad&#305;r. Bu maddenin kapsam&#305; insan gibi kompleks bir organizman&#305;n v&#252;cudunda bulunan yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>~30&#8211;37 trilyon h&#252;cre</strong>nin nas&#305;l ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;klayan temel prensiplerden biridir. </p><p>Yani h&#252;cre teorisinin de belirtti&#287;i gibi bu devasa h&#252;cre toplulu&#287;unun b&#252;y&#252;k bir &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;u b&#246;l&#252;nerek kendisini &#231;o&#287;altabilir. Ba&#287;&#305;rsak epitel h&#252;creleri, deri h&#252;crelerimiz ve karaci&#287;er h&#252;crelerimiz de bu ilkenin en iyi &#246;rneklerindendir. </p><p>Bahsi ge&#231;en h&#252;creler gerek g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;&#351;leri gerekse i&#351;levleri a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan birbirinden ayr&#305;&#351;salar da &#246;z&#252;nde hala klasik hayvan h&#252;cresi yap&#305; plan&#305;n&#305; ta&#351;&#305;rlar. Bu nedenle gerekti&#287;inde mitoz b&#246;l&#252;nme ge&#231;irebilir yani yeni h&#252;creler olu&#351;turabilir ve kendilerini yenileyebilirler.</p><p>N&#246;ronlar da sonu&#231;ta birer h&#252;credir ve h&#252;cre teorisinin temel ilkelerine uyarlar. Yani &#8220;hi&#231;bir zaman b&#246;l&#252;nemez&#8221; de&#287;illerdir.</p><p>&#214;zellikle embriyonik geli&#351;imin erken d&#246;nemlerinde di&#287;er h&#252;creler gibi onlar da n&#246;ral k&#246;k h&#252;creler dedi&#287;imiz k&#246;k h&#252;crelerden aktif &#351;ekilde b&#246;l&#252;nerek olu&#351;turulur ancak farkl&#305;la&#351;ma s&#252;re&#231;leri ilerledik&#231;e -k&#305;sacas&#305; dendritleri, aksonlar&#305; olu&#351;tuk&#231;a ve sinaptik ba&#287;lant&#305;lar kurduk&#231;a- ileti&#351;im kapasitelerini art&#305;rm&#305;&#351; olgun h&#252;crelere d&#246;n&#252;&#351;me s&#252;recine girler ve bu durum n&#246;ronlar i&#231;in de&#287;i&#351;meye ba&#351;lar. Bunun nedeni ise olgunlu&#287;a eri&#351;mi&#351; bir n&#246;ronun as&#305;l amac&#305; art&#305;k kendini &#231;o&#287;altmak de&#287;il, edindi&#287;i bu y&#252;ksek kapasiteli yeteneklerini (bilgiyi i&#351;lemek ve iletmek) kullanmakt&#305;r.</p><p>Bu ama&#231;la art&#305;k onun i&#231;in gerekli olmayan h&#252;cresel d&#252;zenekleri elimine edip baz&#305; h&#252;cresel d&#252;zeneklerini de yeniden yap&#305;land&#305;r&#305;r. &#214;rne&#287;in mitoz s&#305;ras&#305;nda g&#246;rev alan ve kendisinde de bulunan sentrozom organeli art&#305;k onun i&#231;in i&#351;levsiz olmu&#351;tur. Buna ek olarak art&#305;k gereksinim duymad&#305;&#287;&#305; h&#252;cre d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252;nden de &#231;&#305;karak Gap 0 (G0) faz&#305; dedi&#287;imiz faza ge&#231;er ve b&#246;l&#252;nme kapasitesini b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de kaybederler. K&#305;sacas&#305; <strong>post-mitotik</strong> hale gelir.</p><p><strong>N&#246;ronlar i&#351;te tam da bu noktada di&#287;er hayvan h&#252;crelerinden yani b&#252;y&#252;k bir &#231;o&#287;unluktan ayr&#305;&#351;&#305;r.</strong></p><h2><mark data-color="#fce5cd" style="background-color: rgb(252, 229, 205); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Ders kitaplar&#305;ndaki o garip &#351;ekilli h&#252;crenin yap&#305;s&#305;</mark></h2><p>Lise biyoloji kitab&#305;ndaki garip &#351;ekilli o h&#252;creyi d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;n. Dendritleri ve uzun aksonuyla garip &#351;ekil alm&#305;&#351; h&#252;creyi. Size 9. s&#305;n&#305;fta g&#246;sterilen o hayvan h&#252;cresine benziyor mu? </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FwNG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe710fd0b-f605-4ff4-a2f9-3d2c720a2571.tif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FwNG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe710fd0b-f605-4ff4-a2f9-3d2c720a2571.tif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FwNG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe710fd0b-f605-4ff4-a2f9-3d2c720a2571.tif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FwNG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe710fd0b-f605-4ff4-a2f9-3d2c720a2571.tif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FwNG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe710fd0b-f605-4ff4-a2f9-3d2c720a2571.tif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FwNG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe710fd0b-f605-4ff4-a2f9-3d2c720a2571.tif" width="447" height="354.6309963099631" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e710fd0b-f605-4ff4-a2f9-3d2c720a2571.tif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:645,&quot;width&quot;:813,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:447,&quot;bytes&quot;:1576610,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/tiff&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/i/201585931?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe710fd0b-f605-4ff4-a2f9-3d2c720a2571.tif&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FwNG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe710fd0b-f605-4ff4-a2f9-3d2c720a2571.tif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FwNG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe710fd0b-f605-4ff4-a2f9-3d2c720a2571.tif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FwNG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe710fd0b-f605-4ff4-a2f9-3d2c720a2571.tif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FwNG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe710fd0b-f605-4ff4-a2f9-3d2c720a2571.tif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TFOH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b30f842-e36f-49b3-b9b3-1ef9e269fc06_1344x723.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TFOH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b30f842-e36f-49b3-b9b3-1ef9e269fc06_1344x723.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TFOH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b30f842-e36f-49b3-b9b3-1ef9e269fc06_1344x723.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TFOH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b30f842-e36f-49b3-b9b3-1ef9e269fc06_1344x723.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TFOH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b30f842-e36f-49b3-b9b3-1ef9e269fc06_1344x723.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TFOH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b30f842-e36f-49b3-b9b3-1ef9e269fc06_1344x723.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TFOH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b30f842-e36f-49b3-b9b3-1ef9e269fc06_1344x723.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TFOH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b30f842-e36f-49b3-b9b3-1ef9e269fc06_1344x723.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">n&#246;ron</figcaption></figure></div><p></p><p>&#304;&#351;te o garip &#351;ekilli h&#252;cre <strong>&#8220;generalist&#8221; yap&#305; plan&#305;na s&#305;&#287;mayan ve klasik yap&#305; plan&#305;n&#305; a&#351;m&#305;&#351; bir h&#252;cre, bir n&#246;ron</strong>du.</p><p>Kendisi sinyal almak i&#231;in dallanm&#305;&#351; <strong>dendrit</strong>lere ve ald&#305;&#287;&#305; bu sinyali iletmek i&#231;in &#246;zelle&#351;mi&#351; <strong>akson</strong>lara sahip olduk&#231;a s&#305;rad&#305;&#351;&#305; bir h&#252;credir. Bu yap&#305;lar ilk ba&#351;ta morfolojik/&#351;ekilsel bir farkl&#305;l&#305;k gibi g&#246;r&#252;nse de asl&#305;nda n&#246;ronun temel g&#246;reviyle do&#287;rudan ili&#351;kilidir. </p><p>K&#305;saca n&#246;ronu n&#246;ron yapan &#351;eylerin ba&#351;&#305;nda akson ve dendritler gelir demek do&#287;rudur &#231;&#252;nk&#252; bir n&#246;ron ayn&#305; anda y&#252;zlerce hatta binlerce farkl&#305; h&#252;creden bilgi alabilir ve bu bilgileri kapsaml&#305; &#351;ekilde de&#287;erlendirerek anlaml&#305; tek bir &#231;&#305;kt&#305; olu&#351;turabilir.</p><p>Daha &#351;imdiden -derin ayr&#305;nt&#305;lara girmeden dahi- n&#246;ronlar&#305;n olduk&#231;a kompleks yap&#305;lar oldu&#287;unu s&#246;yleyebiliriz diye d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum.</p><p><em><strong>Biraz da n&#246;ronu n&#246;ron yapan h&#252;cresel yap&#305;lar&#305;n detaylar&#305;ndan bahsedelim:</strong></em></p><p><strong>Dendritler</strong>, n&#246;ronun <strong>girdi (input) ald&#305;&#287;&#305; k&#305;sm&#305;d&#305;r</strong>. Genellikle k&#305;sa, &#231;ok say&#305;da ve a&#287;a&#231; gibi dallanm&#305;&#351; uzant&#305;lard&#305;r. Bu dallanm&#305;&#351; yap&#305;, di&#287;er n&#246;ronlardan gelen sinyalleri m&#252;mk&#252;n oldu&#287;unca geni&#351; bir y&#252;zeyle ba&#287;lant&#305; kurmas&#305;n&#305; ve veri toplamas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lar. Dendritlerin y&#252;zeyinde bulunan <strong>sinaps b&#246;lgeleri</strong>, di&#287;er n&#246;ronlar&#305;n akson u&#231;lar&#305;yla temas ederek kimyasal sinyallerin (n&#246;rotransmitterlerin) al&#305;nmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lar. Yani dendritler sadece &#8220;sinyal almaz&#8221;, ayn&#305; zamanda bu sinyalleri  n&#246;ron h&#252;cre g&#246;vdesine (soma) do&#287;ru <strong>birle&#351;tirir.</strong></p><p>Soma&#8217;ya gelen bu girdiler, <strong>akson tepeci&#287;i (axon hillock) </strong>b&#246;lgesinde birle&#351;erek &#8220;<strong>aksiyon potansiyeli</strong>&#8221; ad&#305;n&#305; verdi&#287;imiz k&#305;sa s&#252;reli bir elektriksel sinyale d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;l&#252;r. Aksiyon potansiyeli, akson zar&#305; boyunca birbirini tetikleyen iyon hareketleri sayesinde ilerler. Bu mekanizma sayesinde sinyal, h&#252;cre g&#246;vdesinde &#252;retilen bir elektriksel olay olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men aksonun en uzak ucuna kadar iletilebilmesini sa&#287;lar.</p><p>Aksiyon potansiyelinin &#252;zerinde ilerletildi&#287;i b&#246;lge olan<strong> akson,</strong> n&#246;ronun <strong>&#231;&#305;kt&#305; (output) g&#246;t&#252;ren hatt&#305;d&#305;r</strong>. Genellikle tek, uzun bir uzant&#305; &#351;eklindedir. Hatta baz&#305; motor ve duyu n&#246;ronlar&#305;n&#305;n aksonlar&#305; bir metreyi a&#351;abilmekte, hatta eri&#351;kin bireylerde daha da uzun olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle aksonlar, n&#246;ronlar&#305;n insan v&#252;cudundaki en uzun h&#252;creler olarak tan&#305;mlanmas&#305;nda belirleyici rol oynar.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vf91!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed0abb99-25bf-4bf3-b83d-5dc73a772f6b_617x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vf91!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed0abb99-25bf-4bf3-b83d-5dc73a772f6b_617x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vf91!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed0abb99-25bf-4bf3-b83d-5dc73a772f6b_617x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vf91!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed0abb99-25bf-4bf3-b83d-5dc73a772f6b_617x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vf91!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed0abb99-25bf-4bf3-b83d-5dc73a772f6b_617x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vf91!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed0abb99-25bf-4bf3-b83d-5dc73a772f6b_617x1024.jpeg" width="247" height="409.9319286871961" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ed0abb99-25bf-4bf3-b83d-5dc73a772f6b_617x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:617,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:247,&quot;bytes&quot;:66891,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/i/201585931?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed0abb99-25bf-4bf3-b83d-5dc73a772f6b_617x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vf91!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed0abb99-25bf-4bf3-b83d-5dc73a772f6b_617x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vf91!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed0abb99-25bf-4bf3-b83d-5dc73a772f6b_617x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vf91!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed0abb99-25bf-4bf3-b83d-5dc73a772f6b_617x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vf91!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed0abb99-25bf-4bf3-b83d-5dc73a772f6b_617x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Aksonlar&#305;n temel g&#246;revi, h&#252;cre g&#246;vdesinden &#231;&#305;kan sinyali hedef h&#252;crelere h&#305;zl&#305; ve kesintisiz &#351;ekilde iletmektir. Bu ama&#231;la bir&#231;ok n&#246;ronun aksonu, iletim h&#305;z&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rmak amac&#305;yla <strong>miyelin k&#305;l&#305;f</strong> ile sar&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Miyelin k&#305;l&#305;f, kesintiler halinde bulunan (ranvier bo&#287;umlar&#305; ile) bir yap&#305;dad&#305;r. Bu d&#252;zenleni&#351;, aksiyon potansiyelinin bir bo&#287;umdan di&#287;erine &#8220;z&#305;playarak&#8221; ilerlemesini sa&#287;layan <strong>saltatorik iletimi</strong> m&#252;mk&#252;n k&#305;lm&#305;&#351; ve iletim h&#305;z&#305;n&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de art&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. </p><p>Aksonun sonunda bulunan <strong>akson terminalleri</strong> ise sinyali ba&#351;ka bir n&#246;rona, glia h&#252;cresine, kasa ya da salg&#305; bezine aktarabilir. </p><p>Hal b&#246;yle olunca bir n&#246;ronlardan bahsederken h&#252;cre g&#246;vdesinden olduk&#231;a uzakl&#305;&#287;a kesintisiz sinyal iletebilen bir yap&#305;dan s&#246;z ederiz. N&#246;ronlar bu kadar uzak mesafelere sinyal iletebilmek ve bunu verimli bir &#351;ekilde kesintisiz ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirebilmek i&#231;in yaln&#305;zca &#351;ekil de&#287;i&#351;tirmemi&#351;; h&#252;cre i&#231;i iskeletlerini, sinaptik ba&#287;lant&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; ve enerji metabolizmalar&#305;n&#305; neredeyse tamamen ileti&#351;ime adam&#305;&#351;lard&#305;r [1].</p><p>K&#305;sacas&#305; bir n&#246;ronu s&#305;radan bir h&#252;creden ay&#305;ran temel &#351;ey, y&#252;ksek ileti&#351;im yetene&#287;i kazanmak amac&#305;yla a&#351;&#305;r&#305; d&#252;zeyde &#246;zelle&#351;mi&#351; olmas&#305;d&#305;r. </p><h2><mark data-color="#d9d2e9" style="background-color: rgb(217, 210, 233); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">N&#246;ronlar neden b&#246;l&#252;nmeyi &#8220;tercih etmez&#8221;</mark></h2><p>N&#246;ronlar <strong>terminal diferansiyasyon</strong>a ula&#351;t&#305;ktan sonra h&#252;cre d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252;nden kal&#305;c&#305; olarak &#231;&#305;kar&#305;l&#305;r ve &#231;o&#287;u durumda yeniden mitoz ge&#231;iremez. Ba&#351;ka bir ifadeyle bu, olgun n&#246;ronlar&#305;n kendileride var olan b&#246;l&#252;nerek &#231;o&#287;altma (proliferasyon) yeteneklerini aktif olarak kaybetti&#287;ini g&#246;sterir. Bu s&#252;re&#231; sadece basit bir duraklama d&#246;nemine girmek de&#287;il, aksine molek&#252;ler d&#252;zeyde s&#305;k&#305; &#351;ekilde d&#252;zenlenen bir h&#252;cresel stabilizasyondur.</p><p>Bu mekanizmay&#305; mekanistik olarak y&#246;neten ba&#351;l&#305;ca molek&#252;ller aras&#305;nda retinoblastoma proteini (Rb) ve  siklin ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; kinaz inhibit&#246;rleri yer almaktad&#305;r. Bu molek&#252;ller E2F transkripsiyon fakt&#246;rlerini bask&#305;layarak h&#252;cre d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252;n&#252;n DNA sentezi (ya da replikasyonu) faz&#305;na (S faz&#305;) ge&#231;i&#351;ini engeller. Bu nedenle bu y&#246;netim aktif bi&#231;imde s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;len kilit bir mekanizmad&#305;r [2].</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;H&#252;cre d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252;&quot;,&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/56c6c867-77ed-4e58-8de6-e29b9ae63fcc_1290x1000.png&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;}],&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/56c6c867-77ed-4e58-8de6-e29b9ae63fcc_1290x1000.png&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>Bu durum uzun y&#305;llar boyunca &#8220;n&#246;ronlar yenilenemez&#8221; &#351;eklinde indirgemeci bir ifadeye d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351; olsa da modern n&#246;robiyoloji bunun &#231;ok daha karma&#351;&#305;k bir biyolojik strateji oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermektedir. Bug&#252;n art&#305;k biliyoruz ki beynin baz&#305; b&#246;lgelerinde - &#246;zellikle hipokampus ve subventrik&#252;ler zon gibi alanlarda- s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; olsa da n&#246;rogenez devam edebilir. Bu durum sizi yan&#305;ltmas&#305;n &#231;&#252;nk&#252; bu durum olgun kortikal n&#246;ronlar&#305;n mitoz kapasitesini geri kazand&#305;&#287;&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmez, daha &#231;ok <strong>n&#246;ral k&#246;k h&#252;crelerin katk&#305;s&#305;yla ger&#231;ekle&#351;en olduk&#231;a s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; bir yenilenme</strong> &#351;eklinde yorumlan&#305;r.<strong>***</strong> </p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>***Burada kritik bir uyar&#305; yapmam gerekiyor:</strong> yeti&#351;kin insan hipokamp&#252;s&#252;nde n&#246;rogenezin varl&#305;&#287;&#305; ve b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252;, g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde sinirbilimin en aktif tart&#305;&#351;ma g&#252;ndemlerinden biri olmaya devam etmektedir. Baz&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar ileri ya&#351;lara kadar olgunla&#351;mam&#305;&#351; n&#246;ronlar tespit ederken, daha do&#287;rudan izotop etiketleme y&#246;ntemler ile y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;len &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar bu s&#252;recin insan beyninde kemirgen modellerinden &#231;ok daha s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; olabilece&#287;ini ileri s&#252;rmektedir. Yani<strong> yeti&#351;kin n&#246;rogenezi vard&#305;r ama &#246;l&#231;e&#287;i ve i&#351;levsel &#246;nemi hala netle&#351;memi&#351;tir</strong> [3,4,5].</p></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r-9b!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8648bfaf-7828-460f-aa03-c4679f196d36_2048x1615.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r-9b!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8648bfaf-7828-460f-aa03-c4679f196d36_2048x1615.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r-9b!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8648bfaf-7828-460f-aa03-c4679f196d36_2048x1615.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r-9b!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8648bfaf-7828-460f-aa03-c4679f196d36_2048x1615.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r-9b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8648bfaf-7828-460f-aa03-c4679f196d36_2048x1615.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r-9b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8648bfaf-7828-460f-aa03-c4679f196d36_2048x1615.jpeg" width="535" height="421.8269230769231" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8648bfaf-7828-460f-aa03-c4679f196d36_2048x1615.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1148,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:535,&quot;bytes&quot;:487678,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/i/201585931?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8648bfaf-7828-460f-aa03-c4679f196d36_2048x1615.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r-9b!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8648bfaf-7828-460f-aa03-c4679f196d36_2048x1615.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r-9b!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8648bfaf-7828-460f-aa03-c4679f196d36_2048x1615.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r-9b!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8648bfaf-7828-460f-aa03-c4679f196d36_2048x1615.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r-9b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8648bfaf-7828-460f-aa03-c4679f196d36_2048x1615.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#169; Alexey Khodjakov &#8212; Mitoz a&#351;amas&#305;ndaki bir semender akci&#287;er h&#252;cresi (5 farkl&#305; yap&#305;) - 1999 Nikon Photomicrography Competition, Birincilik &#214;d&#252;l&#252; &#8212; sentrozomlar (<span data-color="#c27ba0" style="color: rgb(194, 123, 160);">pembe</span>), mikrot&#252;b&#252;ller (<span data-color="#93c47d" style="color: rgb(147, 196, 125);">ye&#351;il</span>), kromozomlar (<span data-color="#6d9eeb" style="color: rgb(109, 158, 235);">mavi</span>) ve ara filamentler (<span data-color="#e06666" style="color: rgb(224, 102, 102);">k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;</span>) floresans ile etiketlenmi&#351;; t&#252;m h&#252;cre hacminin maksimal yo&#287;unluk projeksiyonu. Floresans mikroskopi, 240&#215;</figcaption></figure></div><p>H&#252;cre b&#246;l&#252;nmesi (mitoz b&#246;l&#252;nme) ise h&#252;cre i&#231;in ge&#231;ici olarak mimari y&#305;k&#305;m ve yeniden in&#351;a s&#252;reci anlam&#305;na gelir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; mitoz s&#305;ras&#305;nda h&#252;cre iskeleti elemanlar&#305; (cytoskeleton) yeniden organize edilir, h&#252;cre polaritesi kaybolur ve genetik materyal (DNA) s&#305;k&#305;ca paketlenerek  kromozomlar halinde ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r. Ard&#305;ndan bu kromozomlar iki kutba &#231;ekilerek yavru h&#252;crelere e&#351;it bi&#231;imde da&#287;&#305;t&#305;l&#305;r. Bu mitoz b&#246;l&#252;nmenin birbirinin kopyas&#305; iki h&#252;cre olu&#351;turmadaki prensibinin temel ad&#305;mlar&#305;d&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6izZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f9e5d61-8d3c-429e-90b0-5814fa199b69_1920x1081.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6izZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f9e5d61-8d3c-429e-90b0-5814fa199b69_1920x1081.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6izZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f9e5d61-8d3c-429e-90b0-5814fa199b69_1920x1081.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6izZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f9e5d61-8d3c-429e-90b0-5814fa199b69_1920x1081.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6izZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f9e5d61-8d3c-429e-90b0-5814fa199b69_1920x1081.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6izZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f9e5d61-8d3c-429e-90b0-5814fa199b69_1920x1081.jpeg" width="527" height="296.79945054945057" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8f9e5d61-8d3c-429e-90b0-5814fa199b69_1920x1081.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:820,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:527,&quot;bytes&quot;:238939,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/i/201585931?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f9e5d61-8d3c-429e-90b0-5814fa199b69_1920x1081.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6izZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f9e5d61-8d3c-429e-90b0-5814fa199b69_1920x1081.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6izZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f9e5d61-8d3c-429e-90b0-5814fa199b69_1920x1081.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6izZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f9e5d61-8d3c-429e-90b0-5814fa199b69_1920x1081.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6izZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f9e5d61-8d3c-429e-90b0-5814fa199b69_1920x1081.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>N&#246;ronlar&#305;n b&#246;l&#252;nmeye diren&#231; g&#246;stermesinin yap&#305;sal nedeni ise n&#246;ronlar&#305;n y&#252;ksek derecede &#246;zelle&#351;mi&#351; bilgi i&#351;leme a&#287;lar&#305;n&#305;n kal&#305;c&#305; merkezleri olmas&#305;d&#305;r. &#214;rne&#287;in olgun bir kortikal n&#246;ron binlerce sinaptik ba&#287;lant&#305; kurabilir, uzun aksonlar&#305; sayesinde uzak beyin b&#246;lgelerine kadar uzayabilir ve karma&#351;&#305;k elektriksel devrelerin par&#231;as&#305; haline gelebilirler. Yani bir n&#246;ronun mitoz ge&#231;irmesi, s&#305;radan bir h&#252;cre b&#246;l&#252;nmesinden &#231;ok daha b&#252;y&#252;k bir yap&#305;sal yeniden organizasyonu zorunlu k&#305;lar.</p><p>Bu nedenle aktif olarak &#231;al&#305;&#351;an bir n&#246;ronal a&#287; i&#231;inde konumlanm&#305;&#351; herhangi bir n&#246;ronun mitoz ge&#231;irmesi <strong>devresel stabilite a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ciddi bir risk </strong>olu&#351;turabilir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; bu durum yaln&#305;zca n&#246;ronu de&#287;il ba&#287;l&#305; oldu&#287;u t&#252;m ba&#287;lant&#305;lar&#305; etkileyebilecek bir fonksiyonel kesinti riskini beraberinde getirir. </p><p>Sinaptik ba&#287;lant&#305;lar, &#246;zellikle karma&#351;&#305;k davran&#305;&#351;lar geli&#351;tirme, &#246;&#287;renme ve haf&#305;za gibi s&#252;re&#231;ler i&#231;in kritik bir gerekliliktir. &#214;rne&#287;in g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde sinirbilim, haf&#305;zan&#305;n tek tek n&#246;ronlarda depolanmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, bunun yerine n&#246;ronlar aras&#305; ba&#287;lant&#305; &#246;r&#252;nt&#252;lerinde (engram a&#287;lar&#305;nda) temsil edildi&#287;ini g&#246;stermektedir. Bunun en iyi &#246;rneklerinden olan ve hipokamp&#252;s&#252; &#252;zerinde 3D elektron mikroskobu teknolojisini kullanan bir 2024 tarihli bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma, bahsi ge&#231;en engram mimarisinin klasik Hebbian mekanizmalardan daha karma&#351;&#305;k presinaptik aktivite &#246;r&#252;nt&#252;leriyle &#351;ekillendi&#287;ini ortaya koymu&#351;tur. Bu modelde bilgi, h&#252;crelerin kendisinden ziyade sinaptik a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;klar ve ba&#287;lant&#305; topolojisi &#252;zerinden kodlanmaktad&#305;r. [6, 7, 8].</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla n&#246;ronlar&#305;n mitozdan ka&#231;&#305;nmas&#305;, yaln&#305;zca h&#252;cresel bir tercih de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda <strong>bili&#351;sel s&#252;reklili&#287;in korunmas&#305;na y&#246;nelik bir zorunluluk</strong> olarak da yorumlanabilir. N&#246;ronlar&#305;n post-mitotik do&#287;as&#305; bu a&#231;&#305;dan de&#287;erlendirildi&#287;inde, bunun <strong>bir bedel</strong> oldu&#287;u s&#246;ylenebilir. Yani merkezi sinir sistemi, rejeneratif kapasiteden belirli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de feragat ederek karma&#351;&#305;k ve stabil bilgi i&#351;leme a&#287;lar&#305; geli&#351;tirmi&#351; olabilir.</p><p>K&#305;sacas&#305; n&#246;ronlar b&#246;l&#252;nmeyi tercih etmez &#231;&#252;nk&#252; &#8220;<strong>s&#252;rekli yenilenme&#8221;den &#231;ok &#8220;ba&#287;lant&#305; kararl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;&#8221;</strong>n&#305; daha avantajl&#305; bulmu&#351; diyebiliriz.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MSTo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fbab471-fe09-4d8f-9b97-ed97c51d6def_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#169; Golden Glia by Dr. Chris Henstridge &#8212; Fare hipokampusu kesiti &#8212; 2014 Nikon Photomicrography Competition &#8212; dendritik a&#287; (<span data-color="#6d9eeb" style="color: rgb(109, 158, 235);">mavi</span>); astrositler (<span data-color="#ffd966" style="color: rgb(255, 217, 102);">sar&#305;</span>);  h&#252;cre n&#252;kleuslar&#305; (<span data-color="#c27ba0" style="color: rgb(194, 123, 160);">pembe</span>). &#304;mm&#252;noflorasan, 20&#215;</figcaption></figure></div><h3><mark data-color="#f4cccc" style="background-color: rgb(244, 204, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Peki bu bir eksiklik mi?</mark></h3><p>&#8220;Post-mitotik&#8221; olmak biyolojik a&#231;&#305;dan bir &#8220;eksiklik&#8221; olmaktan ziyade, merkezi sinir sisteminin bilgi i&#351;leme yetene&#287;ine uyarlanm&#305;&#351; bir tasar&#305;m tercihi olarak de&#287;erlendirilebilir.</p><p>Tabii ki bu tercih <strong>mutlak bir avantaj de&#287;ildir.</strong> E&#287;er inflamasyonla kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;ya kalm&#305;&#351; bir n&#246;ronsan&#305;z ya da onun perspektifinden bakacak olursan&#305;z, d&#252;&#351;&#252;k rejenerasyon kapasitenizle mutlak &#246;l&#252;m&#252;n&#252;z&#252; beklemek ka&#231;&#305;n&#305;lmaz olurdu. K&#305;saca bu janus-y&#252;zl&#252; bir evrimsel se&#231;im olarak yorumlanabilir.</p><p>Pek tabi b&#246;l&#252;nememek yani dinamizmini kaybetmek, tamamen statik olmak anlam&#305;na gelmez. Aksine olgun n&#246;ronlar biyolojik olarak son derece dinamik hatta plastiktir. </p><p>Olgun n&#246;ronlar sinaptik plastisite g&#246;sterebilir, dendritik dallanmalar&#305;n&#305; yeniden yap&#305;land&#305;rabilir, yeni sinapslar olu&#351;turabilir ve protein sentezlerini &#231;evresel uyaranlara g&#246;re yeniden d&#252;zenleyebilirler. &#214;zellikle &#246;&#287;renme s&#252;re&#231;lerinde sinaptik g&#252;&#231;lenme ve zay&#305;flama mekanizmalar&#305; (LTP (Long-Term Potentiation) and LTD (Long-Term Depression)), n&#246;ronal a&#287;lar&#305;n fiziksel olarak yeniden &#351;ekillenmesine yol a&#231;ar. Bu nedenle modern n&#246;robiyoloji, beynin &#8220;statik h&#252;crelerden olu&#351;an bir yap&#305;&#8221; de&#287;il, <strong>s&#252;rekli yeniden &#351;ekillenen bir a&#287; sistemi</strong> oldu&#287;unu kabul eder.</p><p>Uzun y&#305;llar boyunca yeti&#351;kin beyinde n&#246;rogenez olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lse de, daha sonra baz&#305; b&#246;lgelerde <strong>s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; n&#246;ron &#252;retiminin devam etti&#287;i g&#246;sterilmi&#351;tir</strong>. &#214;zellikle hipokampustaki Dentate gyrus (DG) ve Subventrik&#252;ler zon (SVZ) gibi alanlarda n&#246;ral k&#246;k h&#252;crelerin yeni n&#246;ronlar olu&#351;turabildi&#287;i bilinmektedir ancak bu kapasite olduk&#231;a s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;d&#305;r ve ya&#351;la birlikte bu aktivite belirgin bi&#231;imde azal&#305;r. [9, 10] Ek olarak yeni olu&#351;an h&#252;crelerin t&#252;m beyin b&#246;lgelerinde yayg&#305;n bir onar&#305;m sa&#287;layamad&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#246;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Bu nedenle insan yeti&#351;kin beyninin rejeneratif kapasitesini, karaci&#287;er gibi y&#252;ksek yenilenme yetene&#287;ine sahip organlarla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmak yan&#305;lt&#305;c&#305; olacakt&#305;r<strong>.</strong> N&#246;rogenez vard&#305;r; ancak beyin genelini onaracak &#246;l&#231;ekte de&#287;ildir. K&#305;saca<strong> n&#246;rogenez vard&#305;r, ancak beyin genelini onaracak &#246;l&#231;ekte de&#287;ildir.</strong></p><p>Bununla birlikte ilgin&#231;tir ki baz&#305; n&#246;rodejeneratif hastal&#305;klarda olgun <strong>n&#246;ronlar&#305;n yeniden h&#252;cre d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252;ne girmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;</strong> g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir. &#214;zellikle Alzheimer&#8217;s hastal&#305;&#287;&#305; patogenezinde baz&#305; n&#246;ronlar&#305;n DNA replikasyon sinyalleri g&#246;sterdi&#287;i ve baz&#305; h&#252;cre d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252; proteinlerinin yeniden aktive edildi&#287;i ancak bu n&#246;ronlar&#305;n mitozu tamamlayamad&#305;&#287;&#305; bilinmektedir [11, 12]. <strong>Abortif cell cycle (ACC) re-entry </strong>(kesintiye u&#287;ram&#305;&#351; h&#252;cre d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252; yeniden giri&#351;i) olarak adland&#305;r&#305;lan bu s&#252;re&#231; genellikle h&#252;cre &#246;l&#252;m&#252;yle sonu&#231;lanan patolojik sonu&#231;lar do&#287;urur. N&#246;ron h&#252;cre d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252;ne girmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r ancak h&#252;cresel mimari mitoz i&#231;in uygun de&#287;ildir. Bu DNA hasar&#305;, mitotik stres ve sonunda apoptozu beraberinde getirir [13, 14].<br><br>Bu durum, post-mitotik durumun yaln&#305;zca pasif bir &#8220;b&#246;l&#252;nememe&#8221; hali olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; aksine <strong>aktif bi&#231;imde korunan bir h&#252;cresel kimlik</strong> olabilece&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;rmektedir. Ba&#351;ka bir deyi&#351;le bu, olgun n&#246;ronun yeniden proliferatif hale ge&#231;ti&#287;inde biyolojik b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; kaybetme riskini ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;sterebilir. Bu da n&#246;ronlar&#305;n mitozdan ka&#231;&#305;nmas&#305;n&#305;n asl&#305;nda &#8220;koruyucu kilit mekanizma&#8221; oldu&#287;unu destekler.</p><p>Merkezi sinir sistemi (MSS ya da CNS)  ile periferik (&#231;evresel) sinir sistemi (PSS) aras&#305;ndaki fark da burada dikkat &#231;ekicidir. Periferik sinirlerde akson rejenerasyonu belirli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de m&#252;mk&#252;nd&#252;r ve Schwann h&#252;creleri bu s&#252;re&#231;te destekleyici rol oynar. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k merkezi sinir sisteminde glial skar olu&#351;umu, inhibit&#246;r molek&#252;ller ve yo&#287;un ba&#287;lant&#305;sal organizasyon rejenerasyonu b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de s&#305;n&#305;rlar [15, 16]. Bu engeller yaln&#305;zca n&#246;ronlar&#305;n b&#246;l&#252;nememesinden de&#287;il, MSS'nin t&#252;m mikro&#231;evresinin y&#252;ksek stabiliteyi koruyacak &#351;ekilde evrimle&#351;mi&#351; olmas&#305;ndan kaynaklanmaktad&#305;r. Reaktif astrositler glial skar olu&#351;tururken hasar&#305;n yay&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; s&#305;n&#305;rlamaktad&#305;r, ancak ayn&#305; zamanda salg&#305;lad&#305;klar&#305; inhibit&#246;r molek&#252;llerle akson b&#252;y&#252;mesini de engellemektedir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla problem yaln&#305;zca &#8220;n&#246;ronlar&#305;n b&#246;l&#252;nememesi&#8221; de&#287;il ayn&#305; zamanda beynin t&#252;m mikro&#231;evresinin y&#252;ksek stabiliteyi koruyacak &#351;ekilde evrimle&#351;mi&#351; olmas&#305;d&#305;r. </p><p>Sonu&#231; olarak n&#246;ronlar&#305;n post-mitotik yap&#305;s&#305; bir biyolojik eksiklikten &#231;ok, ileri d&#252;zey &#246;zelle&#351;menin ve a&#287; kararl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n sonucu olarak de&#287;erlendirilebilir. &#304;nsan beyninin &#246;&#287;renme, bilin&#231;, haf&#305;za ve karma&#351;&#305;k bili&#351;sel i&#351;levleri s&#252;rd&#252;rebilmesi i&#231;in h&#252;cresel s&#252;reklilikten &#231;ok ba&#287;lant&#305;sal s&#252;reklili&#287;e &#246;ncelik verilmi&#351; gibi g&#246;r&#252;nmektedir. Bu nedenle n&#246;ronlar, yenilenebilirlikten &#246;d&#252;n vererek y&#252;ksek d&#252;zeyde organizasyon ve fonksiyonel stabilite kazanm&#305;&#351; h&#252;crelerdir.</p><p>Sevgiler &#128156;</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><em><strong><mark data-color="#ffe599" style="background-color: rgb(255, 229, 153); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">TER&#304;MLER S&#214;ZL&#220;&#286;&#220;:</mark><br></strong></em></p><ul><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">N&#246;ron </mark></sub></strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">(sinir h&#252;cresi):</mark></sub></em><sub> <span>Sinir sisteminin temel fonksiyonel birimidir.</span></sub></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="rgb(255, 242, 204)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">N&#246;rogenez (n&#246;rojenez):</mark></sub></strong><sub> Sinir k&#246;k h&#252;crelerinden, sinir sistemi h&#252;crelerinin yani n&#246;ronlar&#305;n &#252;retilme s&#252;recidir.</sub></em></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Retrograd etiketleme</mark></sub></strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (retrograde tracing):</mark> N&#246;ronlar&#305;n akson terminallerinden h&#252;cre g&#246;vdelerine (somaya) do&#287;ru olan sinyal iletimi veya madde ta&#351;&#305;n&#305;m&#305; s&#252;recini kullanan bir inceleme ve haritalama y&#246;ntemidir.</sub></em></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Akson tepeci&#287;i (axon hillock):</mark></sub></strong><sub> Soma ile akson ba&#351;lang&#305;c&#305;n&#305;n birle&#351;ti&#287;i ve impulsun (sinirsel iletinin) iletildi&#287;i b&#246;lge</sub></em></p></li><li><p><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Kortikal n&#246;ronlar</mark>: </sub></strong><sub>Beynin d&#305;&#351; y&#252;zeyde yani beyin korteksinde (beyin kabu&#287;unda) yer alan n&#246;ronlard&#305;r. Haf&#305;za, dikkat, alg&#305; ve bilin&#231; gibi karma&#351;&#305;k zihinsel i&#351;levlerden sorumludurlar. </sub></p></li></ul><ul><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Terminal diferansiyasyon/farkl&#305;la&#351;ma</mark></sub></strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">: </mark>Kal&#305;c&#305; h&#252;cre d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252; durdurulmas&#305; ve E2F transkripsiyonunun bask&#305;lanmas&#305; ile karakterize edilir.</sub></em></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="rgb(255, 242, 204)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">DNA replikasyonu:</mark></sub></strong><sub> H&#252;cre b&#246;l&#252;nmesi &#246;ncesinde (interfaz&#305;n S evresinde) genetik bilginin yeni h&#252;crelere aktar&#305;labilmesi i&#231;in DNA molek&#252;l&#252;n&#252;n kendini kopyalayarak iki &#246;zde&#351; iplik olu&#351;turmas&#305; s&#252;recidir. Bu olay, kal&#305;t&#305;m&#305;n temelini olu&#351;turur ve yar&#305; korunumlu (semikonservatif) olarak ger&#231;ekle&#351;ir.</sub></em></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">G0 (Gap 0)</mark></sub></strong></em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </mark></sub></strong><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">evresi/faz&#305;:</mark></sub></strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </mark> H&#252;crelerin aktif olarak b&#246;l&#252;nmedi&#287;i veya b&#246;l&#252;nmeye haz&#305;rlanmad&#305;&#287;&#305;, h&#252;cre d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252; d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndaki dinlenme evresidir. Metabolik olarak canl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; s&#252;rd&#252;ren bu h&#252;creler, uygun sinyaller geldi&#287;inde d&#246;ng&#252;ye geri d&#246;nebilir veya baz&#305; dokularda &#246;m&#252;r boyu bu evrede kalabilirler.</sub></em></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Proliferasyon</mark></sub></strong><sub>: H&#252;crelerin b&#246;l&#252;nerek (mitoz) &#231;o&#287;almas&#305; veya bir dokunun b&#252;y&#252;mesi anlam&#305;na gelir.</sub></em></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">E2F</mark></sub></strong><sub><span>: Y&#252;ksek </span>&#246;karyotlarda<span> bir </span>transkripsiyon fakt&#246;rleri<span> (TF) ailesini kodlayan gen grubudur.</span></sub></em></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)</mark>:</sub></strong><sub> T&#252;m&#246;r bask&#305;lay&#305;c&#305; proteinlerden biridir ve h&#252;cre b&#246;l&#252;nmesinin &#246;nemli gardiyanlar&#305;ndan biri olarak an&#305;l&#305;r. G1 kontrol noktas&#305;nda sorumludur ve gereksiz S faz&#305; tekrarlar&#305;n&#305; &#246;nleyerek h&#252;cre b&#246;l&#252;nmesini d&#252;zenler. </sub></em></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Siklin</mark></sub></strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </mark></sub><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; kinaz inhibit&#246;r proteini (</mark></sub></strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> CKI, CDI ya da CDKI</mark></sub><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">)</mark></sub></strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">:</mark></sub></em><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </mark></sub><em><sub> DNA sentezi, mitoz ve sitokin s&#252;re&#231;lerinin birbirini kontrol edip etmedi&#287;ini belirten kontrol sisteminde hayati &#246;neme sahip proteinlerdir . Bir ar&#305;za, G1 faz&#305;nda DNA sentezinin ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; bir &#351;ekilde tamamlanmas&#305;n&#305; engelledi&#287;inde, S faz&#305;na ilerlemeyi geciktiren veya durduran bir sinyal tetikler.</sub></em></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Dentat girus</mark></sub></strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (Dentate gyrus):</mark> Beynin temporal lobunda yer alan hipokampusun en temel alt alanlar&#305;ndan biridir. Yeni an&#305;lar&#305;n (epizodik haf&#305;za) olu&#351;umunda, mekansal &#246;&#287;renmede ve yeti&#351;kinlikte yeni n&#246;ron &#252;retiminin (yeti&#351;kin n&#246;rogenezi) ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti&#287;i &#231;ok az say&#305;daki beyin b&#246;lgesinden biri olmas&#305;yla bilinir.</sub></em></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Epizodik haf&#305;za (an&#305;sal/olaysal bellek)</mark></sub></strong><sub>: Ge&#231;mi&#351;te ya&#351;ad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;z ki&#351;isel deneyimleri, olaylar&#305;n zaman&#305;n&#305;, yerini ve onlara e&#351;lik eden duygusal detaylar&#305; hat&#305;rlaman&#305;z&#305; sa&#287;layan uzun s&#252;reli bellek t&#252;r&#252;d&#252;r.</sub></em></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Subventrik&#252;ler b&#246;lge ( SVZ ):</mark></sub></strong><sub> Hem embriyonik hem de yeti&#351;kin beyinde bulunur. Yeti&#351;kinlerde lateral ventrik&#252;llerin (beyin omurilik s&#305;v&#305;s&#305; bo&#351;luklar&#305;) d&#305;&#351; duvar&#305;n&#305; &#231;evreleyen ve ya&#351;am boyu aktif kalan bir n&#246;ral k&#246;k h&#252;cre rezervidir. Yeti&#351;kin beyninde yeni n&#246;ron &#252;retebilen (n&#246;rogenez) iki ana b&#246;lgeden biridir.</sub></em></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Schwann h&#252;creleri</mark></sub></strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">: </mark>&#199;evresel (periferik) sinir sistemindeki (PSS) n&#246;ron aksonlar&#305;n&#305; saran ve destekleyen miyelin k&#305;l&#305;f&#305;n&#305; &#252;reten glial h&#252;crelerdir. Sinir uyar&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n &#231;ok daha h&#305;zl&#305; iletilmesini sa&#287;lar ve hasar g&#246;ren sinir liflerinin onar&#305;lmas&#305;na yard&#305;mc&#305; olurlar.</sub></em></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Astrogliyoz</mark></sub></strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (reaktif astrogliosis):</mark> Merkezi sinir sisteminde (MSS, CNS) meydana gelen hasar veya hastal&#305;klara kar&#351;&#305; astrosit h&#252;crelerinin verdi&#287;i anormal tepkidir. Yaralanma sonras&#305;nda astrositler b&#252;y&#252;r, &#231;o&#287;al&#305;r ve '</sub><strong><sub>glial skar</sub></strong><sub>' ad&#305; verilen yap&#305;y&#305; olu&#351;turarak hasar&#305;n yay&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; engellemeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r ancak salg&#305;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; kimyasallar nedeniyle sinir h&#252;cresi (akson) yenilenmesini engeller ve kal&#305;c&#305; fel&#231; gibi durumlara yol a&#231;abilir.</sub></em><sub> </sub></p></li><li><p><em><strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Hebbian teori </mark></sub></strong><sub><mark data-color="#fff2cc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 204); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">(Hebb kural&#305;, Hebb yasas&#305;, Hebb post&#252;las&#305; ya da h&#252;cre toplulu&#287;u teorisi):</mark>  Sinaptik etkinli&#287;in artmas&#305;n&#305;n, presinaptik bir h&#252;crenin postsinaptik bir h&#252;creye y&#246;nelik tekrarlanan ve s&#252;rekli uyar&#305;lmas&#305;ndan kaynakland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; &#246;ne s&#252;ren ve &#246;&#287;renme s&#252;reci s&#305;ras&#305;nda n&#246;ronlar&#305;n uyum g&#246;stermesini (sinaptik plastisiteyi) a&#231;&#305;klamaya y&#246;nelik bir n&#246;robiyolojik teoridir. </sub></em><sub><br></sub><br><strong><mark data-color="#b4a7d6" style="background-color: rgb(180, 167, 214); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">KAYNAK&#199;A</mark></strong></p><p><br><strong><sub><mark data-color="#d9d2e9" style="background-color: rgb(217, 210, 233); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">[1]</mark></sub></strong><sub> In E. 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Repair mechanisms of the central nervous system: From axon sprouting to remyelination.</span></sub></strong><sub><span> </span></sub><em><sub>Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics</sub></em><sub><span>, </span></sub><em><sub>22</sub></em><sub><span>(4), e00583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurot.2025.e00583</span></sub></p></li></ul></div><div class="pullquote"><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fhilalturkoz.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Umar&#305;m bu yaz&#305; n&#246;robilime dair merak&#305;n&#305; biraz daha beslemi&#351;tir. Bir sonraki yaz&#305;da yeniden bulu&#351;mak &#252;zere &lt;3 sevgiler</p></div>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>